Vasada

Quick Summary: Vasada is an ancient Roman city located near Bostandere Village in the Seydisehir district of Konya Province, at the foot of Mount Kestel in the central Anatolian lake district. Positioned on the strategic Via Sebaste -- the great Roman military highway connecting Pisidian Antioch to the Mediterranean coast -- Vasada is known for its Roman theatre (approximately 3,000 capacity), cyclopean fortification walls, and inscriptional evidence of temples to Athena and Zeus. Discovered by chance in 1969 during reservoir construction, the theatre remains the site's most impressive visible monument. The city's bishopric status during the Byzantine period further attests to its enduring significance as a regional centre across many centuries.

1. Why Vasada Matters
2. Geography and Setting
3. Historical Timeline
4. The Via Sebaste Connection
5. Major Monuments and Structures
6. Inscriptions and Finds
7. Archaeological Work
8. Visitor Information
9. Frequently Asked Questions
10. Sources and Further Reading

Why Vasada Matters

Though less famous than coastal Anatolian cities, Vasada holds considerable historical significance:

1. A living witness to Roman road infrastructure. Vasada's location on the Via Sebaste places it within the network of roads that enabled Roman military, administrative, and commercial control over central Anatolia. Studying Vasada helps us understand how the Roman Empire maintained its grip on inland provinces through a carefully planned system of garrison towns, road stations, and fortified settlements.

2. Cyclopean fortification walls. The city's northern and eastern sides are protected by massive walls built using cyclopean masonry -- large, irregular polygonal stone blocks fitted closely together without mortar. These walls represent a significant example of ancient defensive architecture and may predate the Roman period, pointing to Hellenistic or even earlier construction traditions in the Pisidian highlands.

3. A well-preserved Roman theatre. Discovered accidentally in 1969, the theatre has approximately 3,000 spectator capacity with 12 preserved seating rows (cavea), an orchestra section, and a partially preserved stage area. It is one of the best-preserved Roman theatres in the Konya region and provides crucial evidence for the cultural life of inland Anatolian communities.

4. Connection to early Christianity and Saint Paul's journeys. The Via Sebaste is closely associated with the routes of the Apostle Paul's missionary journeys through Anatolia. Vasada's position on this road places it within the geographic context of early Christian expansion. The city's later status as a Byzantine bishopric confirms this Christian heritage.

5. Rich inscriptional and numismatic evidence. Despite limited excavation, the site has yielded important inscriptions, reliefs, and coins that illuminate the religious, economic, and social life of a provincial Roman city. These finds document the worship of Athena and Zeus, municipal coin production, and the civic institutions that governed daily life.

6. Byzantine bishopric centre. During the Byzantine period, Vasada was elevated to the status of a bishopric, demonstrating its continued administrative and spiritual importance well beyond the Roman Imperial era.

Geography and Setting

Vasada occupies a strategic position at the foot of Mount Kestel (Kestel Dagi), approximately 500 meters east of the modern Bostandere neighbourhood in Seydisehir. The city lies at an elevation of approximately 1,100 meters above sea level, situated in the transitional zone between the Pisidian highlands and the Lycaonian plain.

The site is approximately 15 kilometers from the ancient city of Amblada (Asar Tepe), with which it was connected by a main road. It also had road connections to Mistya (Asartepe) near Beysehir's Fasillar village, placing it at a crossroads of regional communication routes. This network of inter-city roads meant that Vasada was never truly isolated; it functioned as part of a broader system of settlements that covered the central Taurus foothills.

The surrounding landscape is characterized by the rugged foothills of the central Taurus range, fertile valleys suitable for grain cultivation, and proximity to the large freshwater lakes (Beysehir Golu, Sugla Golu) that define the region's geography. This combination of arable land, water resources, and defensible terrain explains why the location was chosen for settlement.

Topography and Natural Defences

The city's layout took advantage of natural terrain features. Mount Kestel provided a backdrop of steep slopes to the west and south, while the lower-lying terrain to the east and north required the construction of the massive cyclopean walls. The combination of natural and artificial defences created a settlement that was extremely difficult to attack -- a characteristic shared by many Pisidian highland towns.

Hydrology

The region's water resources were essential to the city's survival. Springs on Mount Kestel, seasonal streams flowing down from the highlands, and cisterns within the city walls provided the necessary water supply. The proximity of Sugla Golu and Beysehir Golu -- two of Turkey's most significant freshwater bodies -- ensured that the broader region remained agriculturally productive.

Climate

The climate is continental: cold, snowy winters and hot, dry summers. Spring (April-May) and autumn (September-October) are the best visiting seasons. Winter temperatures can drop well below freezing, and snow can persist on the higher slopes of Mount Kestel from December through March.

Historical Timeline

Pre-Roman Settlement

Although the most substantial archaeological evidence at Vasada dates to the Roman Imperial Period, the presence of cyclopean masonry in the fortification walls suggests earlier habitation, possibly dating to the Hellenistic period or even earlier. The strategic location along natural routes between the coast and the interior would have attracted settlement long before Roman administration was established. The Pisidian highlands were home to numerous independent or semi-independent mountain communities that resisted external control, and Vasada likely originated as one such settlement.

Hellenistic Period (3rd-1st centuries BC)

Settlement at Vasada is believed to have begun or significantly expanded during the Hellenistic period, when the region was contested between the Seleucid Empire and various local Pisidian and Lycaonian powers. The city's location at a natural crossroads made it a logical point for a fortified settlement. During this era, the cyclopean walls were likely constructed or expanded, providing the settlement with formidable defences that would later serve the Roman garrison as well.

The Hellenistic period also saw the first systematic road connections between the coastal Greek cities and the Anatolian interior. Vasada's position at the junction of several mountain passes made it a natural waypoint on these early routes.

Roman Period (1st century BC -- 4th century AD)

Vasada's period of greatest prosperity coincided with the construction of the Via Sebaste in 6 BC under Augustus, which transformed the city from a local settlement into a station on one of the most important military highways in Anatolia.

Key developments during the Roman period include:

• Construction of the theatre -- dated to the Roman Imperial Period, with seating for approximately 3,000 spectators. The theatre would have hosted dramatic performances, musical events, and civic assemblies.
• Fortification of the city -- expansion and strengthening of the defensive walls using Roman engineering techniques while incorporating the earlier cyclopean structures.
• Temple construction -- inscriptional evidence attests to temples dedicated to Athena and Zeus. These temples served both as religious centres and as focal points of civic identity.
• Minting of coinage -- an Augustus coin minted at Vasada has been found, confirming the city's status as a coin-issuing municipality. This privilege was reserved for settlements of genuine civic importance within the Roman provincial hierarchy.
• Necropolis development -- the city's burial grounds expanded during the Roman period, with grave stelae, sarcophagi, and ossuaries documenting the funerary practices of the population.

The Roman period also brought improved agricultural techniques, expanded trade networks, and increased population. As a station on the Via Sebaste, Vasada benefited from the flow of military personnel, merchants, and travellers who passed through the city.

Byzantine Period (4th-7th centuries AD)

Like many Anatolian cities, Vasada continued as a settlement into the Byzantine period, and its importance was formally recognised when it was established as a bishopric centre. This ecclesiastical status indicates that Vasada maintained a significant Christian population and administrative role. The transition from pagan to Christian worship would have seen the repurposing of earlier temple structures and the construction of new church buildings.

Byzantine-era ceramic fragments, architectural modifications to existing structures, and ecclesiastical inscriptions provide evidence of this continued occupation. The extent of Byzantine-era building activity remains unclear due to limited excavation, but the bishopric designation suggests a settlement of considerable size and importance.

Later History

The site was gradually abandoned following the arrival of Turkic peoples in central Anatolia, and its stones were reused in the construction of nearby Bostandere village. Inscriptions and architectural fragments from Vasada's ruins are still found embedded in the walls of village houses, a common phenomenon throughout Anatolia where ancient cities serve as convenient stone quarries for later settlements. This practice, while destructive of the ancient fabric, has inadvertently preserved many inscriptions that might otherwise have been lost.

The Via Sebaste Connection

The Via Sebaste (from the Latin Sebaste, the Greek equivalent of Augustus) was a major Roman military highway constructed in 6 BC under the direction of the governor of Galatia. It connected Pisidian Antioch (modern Yalvac) to the cities of the southern coast, running through the rugged terrain of Pisidia and Lycaonia.

The road served multiple purposes:

• Military: Enabling rapid troop movement to suppress the rebellious Pisidian mountain tribes who had long resisted centralized control.
• Administrative: Connecting the Roman colonial cities of the interior to the provincial administrative network, allowing efficient communication between governors, tax collectors, and local magistrates.
• Commercial: Facilitating trade between the Anatolian plateau and the Mediterranean ports, including the transport of agricultural produce, timber, and metals.
• Religious (later): Providing the routes along which early Christianity spread, as the Apostle Paul likely traveled portions of the Via Sebaste during his missionary journeys.

Vasada's position on this highway made it more than a rural settlement -- it was a functional node in the Roman transportation system, with all the economic and cultural benefits that entailed. Road stations like Vasada provided lodging, water, and fresh animals for official travellers, and their markets served both the local population and passing merchants.

The Eastern Branch

The eastern branch of the Via Sebaste, which passes through the Vasada area, is less studied than the western branch but arguably more scenic, offering travellers views of Turkey's largest freshwater lake (Beysehir Golu), prehistoric mounds, Hittite-era monuments, Seljuk structures, and the caves of the Seydisehir-Derebucak region. This branch connected the interior cities to the coastal routes leading ultimately to the ports of Pamphylia and Cilicia.

Road Engineering

Roman road engineering at Vasada followed the standard imperial pattern: a prepared roadbed of compacted gravel and stone, drainage ditches on either side, and milestones at regular intervals recording distances and the name of the reigning emperor. Sections of the ancient road surface are still visible in the area around Vasada, though many have been incorporated into modern farm tracks and village roads.

Major Monuments and Structures

The Roman Theatre

The theatre is Vasada's most prominent monument. Key characteristics:

• Discovery: Found by chance in 1969 during construction of a water reservoir near Bostandere village. Workers struck stone seating rows, leading to the identification of a complete theatrical structure.
• Capacity: Approximately 3,000 spectators.
• Structure: Excavations revealed that the seating rows (12 cavea rows), the orchestra, and the stage section are largely preserved. The theatre follows the standard Roman provincial design, with the cavea built into the hillside to take advantage of the natural slope.
• Dating: Roman Imperial Period, likely 1st-2nd century AD.
• Condition: Partially excavated; the upper portions are still covered by soil and vegetation. The exposed sections show well-cut limestone blocks and careful jointing.
• Cultural function: The theatre served as the primary venue for dramatic performances, musical competitions, religious festivals, and civic assemblies. In a city of Vasada's size, the theatre was the single most important public building.

The theatre's relatively small size compared to major coastal cities reflects Vasada's status as a modest but functional provincial centre. A 3,000-seat theatre served a city and its surrounding rural territory, hosting events that reinforced social bonds and civic identity.

Cyclopean Fortification Walls

The city's most architecturally striking defensive feature consists of massive walls on the northern and eastern sides:

• Construction technique: Cyclopean masonry -- large, irregular polygonal stone blocks fitted tightly together without mortar. The blocks vary in size but can be quite massive, requiring significant labour and engineering skill to position. The technique involves selecting naturally shaped boulders and fitting them together like a jigsaw puzzle.
• Date: Possibly Hellenistic or even earlier, predating the main Roman construction phase. The cyclopean style is associated with pre-Classical building traditions across the Mediterranean.
• Function: These walls protected the most vulnerable approach routes; the natural terrain provided defence on other sides. The walls created a strong perimeter that would have been extremely costly for an attacker to breach.
• Significance: Cyclopean masonry is relatively uncommon in this region and links Vasada to a broader tradition of pre-Roman defensive architecture in Anatolia. Similar construction is found at sites in Pisidia, Lycia, and the Aegean coast.

Temple of Athena

The existence of a temple dedicated to Athena is attested by inscriptions found at the site. While the temple structure itself has not been clearly identified among the surface ruins, the inscriptional evidence confirms that Athena was among the city's important deities. As goddess of wisdom, warfare, and crafts, Athena was widely worshipped throughout the Roman provinces. Her cult at Vasada may have had particular significance in a garrison town where military virtues were prized.

Temple of Zeus

Evidence for Zeus worship at Vasada includes a Zeus relief brought from Bostandere to the Konya Archaeological Museum in 1952. Zeus was the supreme deity of the Greek and Roman pantheon, and temples to Zeus were standard features of cities throughout Anatolia. The presence of both Athena and Zeus temples indicates a city with a fully developed religious landscape typical of Graeco-Roman urban settlements.

Necropolis and Funerary Monuments

The city's necropolis has yielded significant funerary remains:

• Grave stelae with carved inscriptions and decorative motifs
• Sarcophagi of various sizes and styles, reflecting different social classes
• Ossuaries for secondary burial practices
• These finds are now distributed among the Konya Archaeological Museum, the Seydisehir area, and private collections

The funerary evidence provides valuable information about the city's population, social structure, and religious beliefs across different periods.

Other Structures

The surface remains include:

• Residential areas -- traces of domestic architecture including foundation walls and floor surfaces.
• Road sections -- parts of the ancient road network connecting Vasada to neighbouring cities, including paved surfaces and retaining walls.
• Cisterns and water management features -- essential infrastructure for a city at this elevation, including rock-cut cisterns and channels.
• Necropolis areas -- burial zones on the periphery of the settlement with various tomb types.
• Agricultural terraces -- stone-walled terraces on the surrounding slopes that expanded the available farmland.

Inscriptions and Finds

Despite the limited extent of formal excavation, Vasada has produced several important archaeological finds:

• Augustus coin: A coin minted at Vasada during the reign of Augustus (27 BC -- 14 AD) was discovered among finds from Bostandere, confirming the city's status as a coin-issuing municipality in the early Roman period. The coin bears the emperor's portrait on one side and local civic symbols on the reverse.
• Zeus relief (1952): Brought from Bostandere to the Konya Archaeological Museum, this relief depicts Zeus in a seated posture and provides evidence for the god's cult at the site. The sculptural style suggests a Roman Imperial date.
• Limestone altar (1957): A limestone altar with a female figure on one side and a cornucopia relief on the other was delivered to the Konya Archaeological Museum. The cornucopia (horn of plenty) is associated with abundance and prosperity, suggesting connections to fertility or fortune cults, possibly Tyche (Fortuna).
• Inscriptions in village walls: Numerous inscriptions and architectural fragments from Vasada have been found reused in the walls of Bostandere village houses. These spoils provide information about the city's institutions, deities, and prominent citizens. Reading these embedded inscriptions is itself a fascinating archaeological exercise.
• Grave stelae and sarcophagi: Funerary monuments from the necropolis area document burial practices, family structures, and naming conventions across several centuries.

The dispersion of Vasada's inscriptions and reliefs into the Konya Archaeological Museum and Bostandere village walls means that understanding the site requires visiting multiple locations beyond the archaeological area itself.

Archaeological Work

Vasada has not been the subject of extensive systematic excavation. The archaeological history of the site can be summarized as:

• 1952: A Zeus relief was transported from Bostandere to the Konya Archaeological Museum, representing one of the earliest documented recoveries of material from the site.
• 1957: A limestone altar with a female figure and cornucopia relief was delivered to the Konya Archaeological Museum, indicating that objects had been surfacing for years.
• 1969: The theatre was discovered accidentally during water reservoir construction near Bostandere village. This chance find brought the site to the attention of professional archaeologists and led to the first formal documentation of the theatre's structure.
• Post-1969: Limited excavation and survey work focused primarily on the theatre, producing the basic documentation of its structure and capacity. The theatre was partially cleared of accumulated soil and vegetation.
• Modern period: The site is registered as an archaeological protection area by the Turkish Ministry of Culture and Tourism. However, comprehensive excavation of the entire urban area has not been undertaken, meaning that the full extent of the city's layout, institutional buildings, and residential quarters remains largely unknown.

The potential for future archaeological work at Vasada is significant. The cyclopean walls, in particular, deserve detailed study to determine their date and relationship to broader patterns of pre-Roman and Roman defensive architecture in central Anatolia. Modern geophysical survey techniques could reveal the buried layout of the entire city without invasive excavation.

Conservation Challenges

The site faces several conservation challenges:

• Agricultural encroachment on the archaeological zone
• Reuse of ancient stones in modern construction, continuing a centuries-old pattern
• Erosion and weathering of exposed stone surfaces
• Limited funding for systematic excavation and conservation
• Lack of site management infrastructure such as fencing, signage, and visitor pathways

Visitor Information

Getting There

From Konya city centre (approximately 130 km): Drive southwest on the Konya-Beysehir road, then continue to Seydisehir. From Seydisehir centre, head northeast approximately 10 km toward Bostandere neighbourhood. The archaeological site is located about 500 meters east of the village, at the foot of Mount Kestel.

From Seydisehir centre (approximately 10 km): Follow signs toward Bostandere/Vasada. The road is paved to the village; from there, a short walk leads to the visible ruins.

From Antalya (approximately 200 km): Drive north through the Taurus Mountains via Beysehir, then continue to Seydisehir. This route passes through spectacular mountain scenery.

Best Time to Visit

• Spring (April-May): Mild temperatures, green landscapes, wildflowers in bloom across the mountain slopes.
• Autumn (September-October): Comfortable weather, clear mountain views, golden light ideal for photography.
• Summer (June-August): Hot; visit early in the day to avoid the midday heat.
• Winter (November-March): Cold, possible snow; access may be difficult and the experience uncomfortable.

Duration

A visit to the visible ruins takes 1 to 2 hours. If combining with a visit to the Konya Archaeological Museum (to see Vasada's finds), plan an additional half day. Allow extra time if you wish to examine the cyclopean walls in detail or explore the necropolis areas.

Facilities

There are no formal visitor facilities at the archaeological site. Bostandere village has basic amenities. Seydisehir town (10 km) offers restaurants, hotels, and fuel stations. Bring water, sun protection, and sturdy shoes. A hat and sunscreen are essential in summer.

Photography Tips

The theatre and cyclopean walls are best photographed in morning light (eastern exposure). The surrounding mountain scenery provides excellent backdrops. Bring a wide-angle lens to capture the scale of the fortification walls.

Nearby Attractions

• Amblada Ancient City (Asar Tepe) -- approximately 15 km; another Pisidian settlement with surface ruins
• Beysehir Lake -- Turkey's largest freshwater lake (approximately 40 km); stunning natural scenery
• Kubad Abad Seljuk Palace ruins -- on the shore of Beysehir Lake; important Seljuk-era site
• Seydisehir Tinaztepe Cave -- one of Turkey's longest caves; a natural wonder
• Via Sebaste sections -- ancient Roman road remains visible in the region
• Fasillar Monument -- a massive Hittite rock relief near Beysehir

Frequently Asked Questions

What is the Via Sebaste and why is it important?

The Via Sebaste was a major Roman military highway built in 6 BC to connect Pisidian Antioch (modern Yalvac) to the Mediterranean coast through the rugged mountain terrain of central southern Anatolia. It enabled military control, administrative communication, and commercial trade across the region. Vasada was one of the cities that benefited from its position along this road, gaining access to wider markets and imperial resources.

How was the theatre discovered?

The theatre was found accidentally in 1969 when workers were constructing a water reservoir near Bostandere village. Their digging struck the stone seating rows, leading to the identification of a complete Roman theatrical structure that had been buried under soil and vegetation for centuries.

Is Vasada connected to Saint Paul?

While Vasada is not mentioned by name in the New Testament, it lies along the Via Sebaste, which is closely associated with the routes the Apostle Paul traveled during his missionary journeys through Anatolia (c. 46-57 AD). The city's location on this highway places it within the geographic context of early Christian expansion in the region.

Was Vasada a bishopric?

Yes. During the Byzantine period, Vasada was established as a bishopric centre, indicating that it maintained a significant Christian community and administrative importance well into the medieval era.

Can I see Vasada's artifacts at a museum?

Yes. The Konya Archaeological Museum houses several important finds from Vasada, including a Zeus relief (brought in 1952) and a limestone altar with a female figure and cornucopia (delivered in 1957). Additionally, inscriptions and architectural fragments can be found embedded in the walls of Bostandere village houses.

How much of the city has been excavated?

Very little. The theatre has been partially excavated, but the vast majority of the urban area remains unexcavated. The cyclopean walls, temple areas, residential quarters, and road sections are visible on the surface but have not been systematically studied.

Is there an entrance fee?

There is typically no entrance fee. The site is not formally developed for tourism and is accessible year-round, though winter conditions may limit access.

What should I wear?

Sturdy walking shoes are essential, as the terrain is uneven and rocky. In summer, light clothing with sun protection is recommended. In spring and autumn, bring a light jacket for cooler mountain temperatures.

Can I combine Vasada with other ancient sites?

Absolutely. The region around Seydisehir and Beysehir is rich in ancient sites. A multi-day itinerary could include Vasada, Amblada, the Fasillar Hittite Monument, Kubad Abad Palace, and sections of the Via Sebaste, creating a comprehensive tour of the region's archaeological heritage.

The Pisidian Context

Vasada belongs to a network of ancient cities that populated the Pisidian highlands of central southern Anatolia. Understanding Vasada requires placing it within this broader regional context.

The Pisidian highlands were home to fiercely independent mountain peoples who resisted successive empires -- Persian, Hellenistic, and Roman. Unlike the cosmopolitan Greek cities of the Aegean coast, Pisidian settlements were often fortified hilltop communities that combined Greek cultural influences with indigenous Anatolian traditions. Vasada exemplifies this hybrid character: its cyclopean walls suggest pre-Greek defensive traditions, while its theatre and temples reflect full participation in Graeco-Roman urban culture.

The Via Sebaste was Rome's answer to the Pisidian problem. By constructing a military highway through the mountains, Augustus created a permanent line of communication that could supply garrisons, move troops quickly, and facilitate the tax collection and administrative oversight that gradually transformed independent mountain communities into provincial Roman towns. Vasada's transformation from a fortified highland settlement into a Roman road station illustrates this broader process of integration.

Other Pisidian cities that shared this experience include Sagalassos, Selge, Kremna, and Ariassos -- each adapting to Roman rule in its own way while retaining elements of its indigenous character. A visit to Vasada, combined with other Pisidian sites, provides a comprehensive picture of how Rome absorbed one of Anatolia's most resistant regions.

Architectural Measurements and Structural Data

The surviving structures at Vasada have been documented through surface surveys, though systematic excavation remains limited. The following measurements derive from field observations and published survey data.

Via Sebaste Road Engineering at Vasada

The Via Sebaste, upon which Vasada was strategically positioned, was a feat of Roman road engineering. Specific technical data about the road has been documented through modern survey work.

The eastern branch of the Via Sebaste passing through Vasada connected interior plateau cities to the coastal routes of Pamphylia and Cilicia. Milestones recorded the distance and the reigning emperor's name. A mansio at Doseme Bogazi preserves the only known intact Roman road station on the route, demonstrating the type of infrastructure that likely existed at Vasada as well.

Numismatic Evidence

Vasada's coin production confirms its civic status within the Roman provincial hierarchy. Only municipalities of genuine administrative importance were granted the right to mint coinage.

The Augustus coin from Vasada is documented in the broader corpus of Pisidian numismatics. Coin-issuing privileges in the Roman provincial system indicated that a settlement had achieved formal civic recognition, possessed functional magistracies, and maintained an operational mint -- all hallmarks of a genuinely urban community rather than a mere village.

Excavation Chronology and Key Find Dates

The Konya Archaeological Museum, which houses Vasada's most significant portable finds, contains a broader collection of 231 Greek and 10 Latin inscriptions from the Konya region. Of these, 149 come from the surrounding districts (including the Seydisehir area), and nearly two-thirds were previously unpublished before the RECAM corpus (Regional Epigraphic Catalogues of Asia Minor) documented them. The inscriptions shed light on city and country society in the region from the early Roman through the Byzantine period.

Comparative Context: Vasada Among Pisidian Cities

Vasada was one of numerous fortified settlements along the Via Sebaste. Comparing it to other Pisidian cities illustrates its relative scale and role.

Vasada's 3,000-seat theatre places it at the smaller end of the Pisidian urban spectrum but firmly within the category of genuine civic settlements. The cyclopean fortification walls, which may predate the Roman period, distinguish Vasada architecturally from most neighbouring cities, where ashlar masonry was the norm.

Sources and Further Reading

• Wikipedia -- Vasada
• KURE Encyclopedia -- Vasada
• Seydisehir Municipality -- Vasada Antik Kenti
• Konya Provincial Directorate of Culture and Tourism -- Vasada Antik Tiyatrosu
• ResearchGate -- Ancient Routes, New Destinations: Roman Road Via Sebaste as a Thematic Cultural Route
• Wikipedia -- Via Sebaste
• Pisidia Heritage Trail -- Via Sebaste
• Biblical Turkey -- The Via Sebaste Road
• Gezimanya -- Vasada Antik Kenti
• GoSeydisehir -- Vasada Antik Kenti
• Turkiye Turizm Ansiklopedisi -- Vasada Antik Kenti
• Broughton, T.R.S. -- Roman Asia Minor in An Economic Survey of Ancient Rome, vol. IV (1938)
• French, D.H. -- Roman Roads and Milestones of Asia Minor, Vol. 3: Milestones (2012)