Kitanaura

Kitanaura was an ancient Lycian city perched on a rugged hilltop near the village of Saraycik, in the Kumluca district of Antalya Province. Unmentioned by any ancient literary source, the city remained unidentified for over 150 years after its ruins were first spotted by Spratt and Forbes in 1842. It was only in 1998 that coins in the Antalya Museum and the Miliarium Lyciae milestone from Patara finally revealed its name. Surveyed in detail by Nevzat Cevik of Akdeniz University between 2004 and 2007, Kitanaura is best known for the monumental Heroon of Trokondas II -- one of the best-preserved heroic tombs in southern Asia Minor -- and its remarkably intact necropolis of 51 sarcophagi. The site remains one of Lycia's most authentic and least-visited ancient cities, offering a genuine archaeological wilderness experience.

1. Why Kitanaura Matters
2. Geography and Setting
3. Historical Timeline
4. Major Monuments
5. The Heroon of Trokondas II
6. The Necropolis
7. Archaeological Work
8. Visitor Information
9. Frequently Asked Questions
10. Sources and Further Reading

Why Kitanaura Matters

1. A city recovered from anonymity: Unlike famous Lycian sites such as Xanthos or Myra, Kitanaura was never mentioned by any ancient writer -- not by Strabo, Pliny, Ptolemy, or any other geographer or historian. Its identification came entirely through archaeological detective work -- coins, a Roman milestone, and systematic survey. This makes it a remarkable case study in how modern archaeology can recover histories that the literary tradition entirely neglected.

2. The Heroon of Trokondas II: This monumental tomb, with its elaborate relief panels depicting military and mythological scenes, is one of the finest examples of Lycian funerary architecture outside of the major cities. It provides critical evidence for understanding how provincial Lycian elites represented themselves and their achievements through monumental art, even in small, remote settlements.

3. Intact necropolis: With 51 sarcophagi and four exedra-type tombs concentrated in a relatively small area, Kitanaura's necropolis offers an unusually complete picture of Lycian burial practices across several centuries. The range from simple stone coffins to elaborately decorated sarcophagi reflects the entire social hierarchy of a small Lycian community.

4. Defensive architecture spanning a millennium: The city's walls, spanning from the Hellenistic to Byzantine periods, and the transformation of the acropolis into a Byzantine castrum illustrate how a small mountain settlement adapted its defenses across a thousand years of changing military threats and technologies.

5. Off-the-beaten-path experience: Kitanaura remains one of the least-visited ancient cities in Lycia, offering an authentic archaeological experience without crowds, ticket offices, or modern facilities -- a genuine contrast to nearby touristic sites like Olympos or Phaselis. Visitors who make the effort to reach Kitanaura are rewarded with a sense of discovery that few Mediterranean archaeological sites can still offer.

6. Lycian League membership confirmed: The appearance of Kitanaura on the Miliarium Lyciae milestone at Patara confirms that even this small mountain city was a recognized member of the Lycian federal system, one of the ancient world's most sophisticated experiments in representative government.

Geography and Setting

Kitanaura occupies a dramatic hilltop position in the Bey Mountains (Bey Daglari), the western arm of the Taurus range that defines the Lycian landscape. The site lies northwest of modern Kumluca, a market town on the Antalya coastal plain, at an elevation that provided natural defensive advantages but required significant effort to reach.

The acropolis sits on a hill extending in an east-west direction. The western and northern sides are protected by sheer rock cliffs dropping precipitously, making the city naturally impregnable from those directions. Fortification walls extend from the southwestern side around to the eastern and northern flanks, enclosing the settlement area and completing the defensive circuit where nature did not provide its own barriers.

The terrain is typical of inland Lycia:

• Rocky limestone hillsides covered with Mediterranean maquis -- aromatic scrub including myrtle, lentisk, wild thyme, and rosemary
• Seasonal streams (often dry in summer) in the valleys below, providing water during wetter months
• Terraced agricultural land on the gentler slopes, evidence that the ancient inhabitants systematically farmed the hillsides
• Pine and cedar forests at higher elevations, providing timber for construction and fuel

The name "Kitanaura" may derive from the Lycian language, possibly meaning "Little City" -- an apt description for this compact but strategically positioned settlement. The modern village name, Saraycik ("Little Palace"), may echo folk memories of the monumental ruins visible on the hilltop above.

From the acropolis, views extend across the surrounding mountain landscape toward the Mediterranean coast, providing both strategic surveillance capability over approaching routes and a stunning natural panorama. On clear days, the blue line of the Mediterranean is visible to the south, while the rugged peaks of the Bey Mountains rise to the north and west.

The road approaching the ancient city from the south passes through the necropolis before reaching the acropolis, meaning that ancient visitors would have walked among the sarcophagi and the heroon of Trokondas before entering the living city -- a deliberate arrangement common in Lycian urban planning that kept the dead as visual guardians of the community's threshold.

Historical Timeline

Hellenistic Period (3rd--1st century BC)

The earliest identifiable phase of Kitanaura dates to the Hellenistic period. The first phase of the city walls was constructed during this era, using polygonal masonry characteristic of Lycian defensive architecture. The settlement likely functioned as a small fortified community controlling mountain passes and local agricultural territory in the rugged interior of Lycia.

During this period, Lycia was contested between the Ptolemaic and Seleucid empires before achieving a measure of independence through the Lycian League, one of the ancient world's earliest and most admired federal systems. The League, praised by Strabo for its fairness and organization, allowed member cities to send representatives to a federal assembly in proportion to their size. Kitanaura's relationship to the League is confirmed by its appearance on the Miliarium Lyciae, a Roman-era milestone excavated at Patara in 1993 that lists Lycian League cities and distances between them.

The Lycian League assigned one, two, or three votes to member cities depending on their size. As a small settlement, Kitanaura likely held a single vote, but its inclusion demonstrates that even modest mountain communities participated in this sophisticated federal governance system.

Roman Period (1st century BC -- 4th century AD)

Under Roman administration, Kitanaura experienced its greatest period of monumentalization. The Heroon of Trokondas II was erected in the 2nd to 4th decades of the 2nd century AD (approximately 120-140 AD), during the height of Roman imperial prosperity in Lycia. The bath-gymnasium complex was constructed no later than the 2nd century AD, and the necropolis expanded significantly with new sarcophagi in both Lycian and Roman styles.

The city minted its own coins during this period, examples of which were identified in the Antalya Museum collection in 1998 -- the key discovery that led to the site's identification after 150 years of anonymity.

Roman-period infrastructure included:

• The bath-gymnasium complex with seven units and a palaestra for athletic training
• Expanded fortification walls incorporating Roman construction techniques
• The heroon and its associated funerary precinct
• Residential structures south and west of the acropolis
• The road system connecting the settlement to the regional transportation network

The Roman period was the high point of Kitanaura's development, when even this small mountain city participated in the general prosperity and monumental building culture that characterized the Roman East in the 2nd century AD.

Byzantine Period (5th--7th century AD)

In the Byzantine era, Kitanaura underwent significant transformation. A church from the 5th or 6th century AD was built on the acropolis, converting the hilltop's primary function from secular administrative center to Christian worship space. The hilltop was simultaneously converted into a castrum (fortified military enclosure) with strengthened defenses, reflecting the growing security concerns of the period as Arab raids threatened the Mediterranean coast and inland Lycia.

This pattern of converting classical-era cities into Byzantine fortresses is common across Lycia and reflects the contraction of settlement patterns from the dispersed, open cities of the Roman period to concentrated, defensible hilltop positions. Churches replaced temples; fortresses replaced agoras.

The final phase of the city walls dates to this period, representing the last major construction effort at the site.

Abandonment

Like many inland Lycian settlements, Kitanaura was eventually abandoned as populations consolidated in coastal towns and larger centers. The precise date of abandonment is uncertain, but it likely occurred sometime after the 7th century, during a period when Arab raids, plague, and economic disruption caused widespread depopulation of the Lycian interior. The inhabitants may have relocated to the coast at Kumluca or to larger settlements in the region.

After abandonment, the site was gradually reclaimed by the mountain vegetation, its walls and sarcophagi standing silent among the pines for over a thousand years until European explorers rediscovered them in the 19th century.

Major Monuments

The Acropolis

The acropolis crowns the east-west hilltop and served as both the defensive core and the administrative-religious center of the city. Key features include:

• Natural cliff defenses on the western and northern sides, providing impregnable protection
• Fortification walls extending from the southwest to the east and north, completing the defensive perimeter
• A Byzantine church (5th--6th century AD) built on the summit, replacing earlier secular structures
• Byzantine-era castrum fortifications reinforcing earlier walls with new construction techniques
• Remains of residential and public structures within the enclosed area, including possible administrative buildings

The acropolis offers the best vantage point for understanding the city's relationship to its surrounding landscape and the strategic logic of its placement -- controlling mountain routes while maintaining visual contact with other Lycian settlements.

City Walls

Kitanaura's fortifications evolved through at least three major phases:

1. Hellenistic phase: Polygonal masonry walls, the earliest defensive circuit. These walls, built from carefully fitted irregular stone blocks, demonstrate the high quality of Lycian military architecture. The polygonal technique, where each stone is individually shaped to fit its neighbors, creates an interlocking structure of remarkable stability.
2. Roman phase: Expanded and reinforced walls incorporating new construction techniques including more regular coursed masonry
3. Byzantine phase: Final strengthening and conversion of the acropolis into a castrum with thicker walls and modified entrances

The walls are best preserved on the southern and eastern sides where the natural terrain is less steep. Sections of polygonal masonry are particularly noteworthy for their construction quality and have been documented in detail by the survey team.

The Bath-Gymnasium Complex

Located outside the acropolis area, the bath-gymnasium complex was most likely constructed no later than the 2nd century AD. It consists of:

• Seven separate functional units (likely including frigidarium, tepidarium, caldarium, and service rooms with furnaces)
• A palaestra (exercise courtyard) for athletic training and social gathering
• Evidence of heating systems (hypocaust) typical of Roman bath architecture, with raised floors and wall flues for circulating hot air

This complex served as a social hub for the community, functioning not only as a bathing facility but as a place for exercise, socializing, and civic interaction -- a miniature version of the grand bath-gymnasium complexes found in larger Lycian cities like Patara or Myra. Its presence at such a small settlement demonstrates how deeply Roman civic culture penetrated even the most remote corners of the empire.

The Heroon of Trokondas II

The most famous monument at Kitanaura is the Heroon of Trokondas II, a monumental tomb erected on the hillside above the road leading into the city. This building deserves detailed attention as it provides unique insights into elite culture in provincial Lycia and is considered one of the best-preserved heroa in southern Asia Minor.

Architecture

The heroon has a temple-form design reminiscent of the Perikle Heroon at Limyra, one of the most celebrated monuments in Lycia. The rectangular building measures approximately 8.35 x 7.2 meters. Its architectural vocabulary -- columns, entablature, and pediment -- deliberately evokes sacred architecture to elevate the status of the deceased from mortal to hero. The choice of temple form was a powerful statement: it claimed for the tomb's occupant a status approaching the divine.

The building stands on a raised podium, increasing its visibility and prominence along the approach road to the city. Visitors arriving at Kitanaura from the south would have encountered the heroon as one of the first monumental structures they saw, creating a lasting impression of the power and prestige of the Trokondas family.

The Inscription

According to the inscription found on the tomb facade, the monument was built by Trokondas, son of Trokondas, grandson of Atteous, for himself. The family name Trokondas is distinctly Lycian, indicating indigenous elite identity rather than Greco-Roman cultural assimilation. This is significant: even in the 2nd century AD, when much of Lycia was thoroughly Hellenized, the leading family of Kitanaura maintained a name rooted in the Lycian language, asserting continuity with pre-Greek Anatolian traditions.

Relief Decoration

The heroon's exterior was adorned with sculpted relief blocks depicting:

• Military scenes: Warriors in combat, possibly representing the patron's real or idealized martial achievements. These scenes suggest that Kitanaura's elite derived their status from military service, perhaps in the Roman auxiliary forces.
• Mythological scenes: Figures from Greek mythology, demonstrating the blending of Lycian and Hellenistic cultural traditions. The inclusion of Greek myths on a monument with a Lycian name epitomizes the cultural hybridity of Roman-era Lycia.
• Symbolic motifs: Elements associated with heroic status and the afterlife, including garlands, shields, and weaponry

The reliefs reflect the military character of the city and its elite, suggesting that Kitanaura's leading families derived their prestige from martial service -- perhaps as soldiers or officers serving in Roman armies. The quality of the carving, while not matching the great workshops of major cities, demonstrates competent provincial craftsmanship.

Dating

Recent scholarship has placed the construction of the heroon in the 2nd to 4th decades of the 2nd century AD (approximately 120--140 AD), during the height of Roman imperial prosperity in Lycia. This revised dating, published in the journal "Actual Problems of Theory and History of Art," was based on careful analysis of architectural and stylistic parallels with other dated monuments in Lycia and Pamphylia.

Significance

The Heroon of Trokondas II is significant because it shows that even in a small, remote Lycian city, local elites invested heavily in monumental self-representation. The choice of a temple-form design and elaborate relief decoration demonstrates sophisticated cultural awareness and the desire to participate in broader Greco-Roman funerary traditions while maintaining distinctly Lycian identity markers. It challenges any simplistic narrative of provincial Lycia as merely a passive recipient of metropolitan culture.

The Necropolis

Kitanaura's necropolis is spread across the slopes surrounding the settlement, concentrated along the roads approaching the city, and contains:

• 51 sarcophagi: Stone coffins in the distinctive Lycian pointed-lid style (with its characteristic ogival curve), as well as Roman-period flat-lid variants. These range from plain unadorned stone boxes to elaborately carved examples.
• 4 exedra-type tombs: Semi-circular bench tombs used for funerary feasting and commemoration -- these structures provided seating for mourners who gathered for memorial meals, a practice deeply embedded in Lycian and Greco-Roman funerary culture
• Rock-cut tombs: Carved into the cliff faces on the northern and western slopes, exploiting the natural rock outcrops
• Simple pit graves: More modest burials for the general population, lacking the expensive stone coffins of wealthier residents

The sarcophagi display varying levels of decoration, from plain unadorned coffins to elaborately carved examples with relief panels, garlands, bull-head bosses, and inscriptions. This range reflects the social stratification of the community -- from wealthy families who could afford monumental tombs to more modest residents buried in simple graves.

The distribution pattern of the necropolis follows typical Lycian practice: tombs are placed along the roads approaching the city, ensuring that the dead remained part of the community's visual landscape and daily experience. Every time a traveler or resident walked into or out of Kitanaura, they passed among the dead, maintaining the bond between the living and their ancestors.

Archaeological Work

Early Discovery (1842)

The ruins at Saraycik were first recorded by the British explorers T.A.B. Spratt and Edward Forbes during their survey of Lycia in 1842. Their multi-year expedition, which resulted in the landmark publication Travels in Lycia, Milyas, and the Cibyratis, documented dozens of ancient sites across the region. However, they were unable to determine the identity of the ancient city at Saraycik. For the next 150 years, the ruins remained unidentified in the scholarly literature, known only as "the ancient site near Saraycik."

Identification (1998)

The breakthrough came in 1998 when a study of coins in the Antalya Museum collection revealed examples bearing the legend "Kitanaura." Cross-referencing this with the Miliarium Lyciae -- a Roman milestone excavated at Patara in 1993 by Prof. Havva Iskan-Isik that listed distances between Lycian cities -- allowed researchers to locate Kitanaura at the Saraycik ruins. The distance recorded on the milestone matched the position of Saraycik relative to known cities, confirming the identification.

This was a significant moment in Lycian studies: an ancient city, completely absent from the literary record, was identified purely through the combination of numismatic and epigraphic evidence.

Systematic Survey (2004--2007)

A detailed archaeological survey was conducted between 2004 and 2007 by a team from Akdeniz University led by Prof. Nevzat Cevik. This survey produced:

• Comprehensive mapping of all visible structures using modern surveying equipment
• Documentation of the necropolis and its 51 sarcophagi, including measurement, photography, and drawing of each monument
• Architectural analysis of the heroon, walls, bath complex, and church
• Ceramic and numismatic evidence for dating the occupation phases
• Photographic and drawn documentation of relief sculptures on the heroon
• A complete inventory of the site's monuments and their preservation condition

Academic Publications

Research on Kitanaura has been published in specialized academic journals:

• Studies on the Heroon of Trokondas in French and English archaeological journals, including analyses of its political, social, and cultural significance for understanding provincial Lycian elite culture
• The revised dating of the heroon published in "Actual Problems of Theory and History of Art"
• Survey reports covering the city's urban layout, monument inventory, and architectural typology
• Comparative studies placing Kitanaura within the broader context of Lycian urbanism and the Lycian League's administrative geography

Visitor Information

Location: Near Saraycik village, northwest of Kumluca, Antalya Province. The site is in the mountains above the coastal plain, at a significant elevation above sea level.

Getting There:

• From Kumluca: Drive northwest toward Saraycik village (approximately 20--25 km). The last portion requires a dirt/gravel road that may be rough in places.
• From Antalya: Take the D400 highway southwest to Kumluca (approximately 100 km), then follow local roads to Saraycik.
• A vehicle with reasonable ground clearance is recommended for the final approach. Conventional cars can usually manage in dry conditions, but 4WD is advisable in winter or after rain.
• There is no public transportation to the site; a private vehicle is necessary.

Best Time to Visit:

• Spring (April--June): Wildflowers in bloom across the mountain slopes, moderate temperatures, excellent visibility. This is the ideal season.
• Autumn (September--November): Comfortable weather, golden light for photography, mountain air cooling from summer heat
• Summer is possible but very hot; early morning visits are essential. Start before 8 AM to avoid the worst heat.
• Winter may bring rain, cold, and potentially muddy access roads at the mountain elevation

Duration:

• Standard visit (acropolis, heroon, necropolis walk): 1.5--2.5 hours
• Detailed visit with photography and thorough exploration: 3--4 hours
• Allow additional time for the drive on mountain roads (30-45 minutes from Kumluca)

What to Bring:

• Sturdy hiking shoes (essential -- the terrain is rocky, uneven, and steep in places)
• At least 1.5 liters of water per person (more in summer)
• Sun protection (hat, sunscreen) -- there is limited tree cover in some areas
• A flashlight or headlamp for examining rock-cut tombs
• Snacks -- there are no facilities at the site or nearby
• A camera with good zoom capability for documenting relief details on the heroon

Important Notes:

• There are no ticket offices, visitor centers, or facilities at Kitanaura
• The site is unguarded and unfenced -- exercise extreme caution on cliff edges, especially on the north and west sides of the acropolis
• Mobile phone reception may be limited or absent in the mountain setting
• Inform someone of your visit plans, especially if traveling alone
• Respect the archaeological remains -- do not climb on sarcophagi, walls, or the heroon structure
• Carry out all trash; leave no trace of your visit

Nearby Sites:

• Olympos (ancient city and beach, approximately 40 km southeast) -- a dramatic cliff-side Lycian city with Roman-era ruins and the eternal flames of Chimaera
• Phaselis (approximately 55 km east) -- three harbors and pine-shaded ruins
• Limyra (approximately 30 km northeast) -- compare the Perikle Heroon with Trokondas's tomb for a study in Lycian heroic architecture across centuries
• Arykanda (approximately 45 km north) -- spectacular terraced Lycian city in the mountains
• Myra and the Church of St. Nicholas at Demre (approximately 60 km southwest) -- rock-cut tombs and Byzantine heritage

Frequently Asked Questions

Why is Kitanaura so unknown compared to other Lycian cities?

Because no ancient author ever mentioned it. Cities like Xanthos, Patara, and Myra appear repeatedly in Greek and Roman literary sources, which naturally attracts more modern attention. Kitanaura was identified only in 1998 through archaeological evidence, and it has never been formally excavated -- only surveyed. Its mountain remoteness also keeps it off standard tourist itineraries.

Is the Heroon of Trokondas intact?

The heroon survives in a partially ruined state. The lower walls and much of the relief decoration are preserved, but the upper structure (roof, pediment) has collapsed. Enough remains to appreciate the building's original design and the quality of its sculptural program. The reliefs on the surviving blocks are still clearly legible and make the climb worthwhile.

How many people lived in Kitanaura?

No precise population estimate exists, but based on the settlement area, necropolis size, and comparison with similar Lycian cities, the population likely ranged between 500 and 1,500 people at its peak during the Roman period. This was a small community by any standard, which makes its monumental architecture all the more impressive.

Can I visit Kitanaura without a guide?

Yes, but preparation is important. There are no information panels or marked paths at the site. Studying the site plan beforehand, bringing a GPS device or offline maps, and wearing appropriate footwear will significantly improve your experience. The ruins are spread across a hillside and require moderate physical effort to explore. A guide with local knowledge can enhance the visit considerably.

What is the connection between Kitanaura and the Lycian League?

Kitanaura appears on the Miliarium Lyciae, a Roman milestone from Patara that lists Lycian League cities and distances between them. This confirms that Kitanaura was a recognized member of the Lycian federal system, even though it was a small city. The Lycian League, praised by Montesquieu and the American Founding Fathers as a model of representative government, included even minor settlements in its decision-making processes.

Are there any artifacts from Kitanaura in museums?

Coins from Kitanaura are held in the Antalya Museum collection. Other portable finds may also be in the museum's stores. The relief blocks from the heroon remain in situ at the site, exposed to the elements.

Is this a good hike?

The journey to Kitanaura combines cultural and natural interest. The mountain scenery is beautiful, the wildflowers are excellent in spring, and the sense of arriving at a genuinely remote ancient city is rewarding. However, it is not a maintained hiking trail -- expect rough terrain and the need for navigation skills.

Architectural Measurements and Key Figures

The following table compiles the principal documented dimensions and statistics for the monuments at Kitanaura, based on the Akdeniz University survey reports and published scholarship.

Numismatic Evidence and the 1998 Identification

The numismatic record of Kitanaura is small but historically decisive: it was coins, not literary sources, that gave this city back its name after more than a millennium of anonymity.

The Identification Coins

In 1998, a systematic study of unattributed coins in the Antalya Museum collection identified bronze specimens bearing the legend KITANAYP (Kitanaur-) -- a city name that had never appeared in any ancient literary text. Cross-referencing the coin legends with the Stadiasmus Patarensis (also known as the Miliarium Lyciae), a Roman milestone pillar excavated at Patara in 1993 by Prof. Havva Iskan-Isik, allowed researchers to match the distance recorded on the milestone with the position of the unidentified ruins at Saraycik.

The Stadiasmus Patarensis itself is one of the most important documents for the historical geography of ancient Lycia. Erected during the reign of Emperor Claudius (r. 41--54 AD), the pillar records distances in stadia between Lycian cities, providing a road map of the Lycian League's administrative geography. Kitanaura's appearance on this monument confirms its status as a recognized member of the federal system during the 1st century AD.

Coin Types

The known coins from Kitanaura are bronze civic issues of the Roman Imperial period. While the total number of surviving specimens is small -- reflecting the city's modest size -- they follow the standard pattern of Lycian League civic coinage:

The rarity of Kitanaura's coins is itself significant. In the Lycian numismatic record, the volume of coinage produced by a city roughly correlated with its size and economic importance. Kitanaura's limited output is consistent with its small population and remote mountain location, while the very existence of a civic mint confirms that even the smallest Lycian League members exercised the right to issue their own currency.

The Miliarium Lyciae and the Lycian Federal Road Network

Kitanaura's inclusion on the Miliarium Lyciae (Stadiasmus Patarensis) places it within one of the ancient world's most admired systems of representative governance. The Lycian League, praised by Strabo (Geography XIV.3.3) as a model of fair and proportional representation, assigned votes to member cities according to three tiers:

As a small mountain settlement, Kitanaura almost certainly held one vote in the federal assembly. Yet this single vote guaranteed participation in the League's collective decisions on matters of war, peace, taxation, and the election of the Lyciarch (federal leader). The American Founding Fathers, particularly James Madison, studied the Lycian League model when designing the United States federal system, noting its balance between proportional representation and the inclusion of smaller communities.

Fortification Wall Phases -- Technical Details

The three phases of Kitanaura's walls represent a thousand-year evolution of military architecture in the Lycian mountains.

The polygonal masonry of the Hellenistic phase is particularly noteworthy. This technique, where each stone is individually cut to fit its neighbours in an irregular jigsaw-like pattern, creates walls of remarkable seismic resilience -- an important consideration in the earthquake-prone Lycian region. The interlocking stones distribute stress across the wall face rather than concentrating it along horizontal mortar joints, as would occur in coursed masonry.

The Byzantine conversion of the acropolis into a castrum involved not only thickening the walls but also narrowing and repositioning the entrances to create more defensible chokepoints. The construction of five churches during this period -- an unusually high number for a settlement of this size -- suggests that Kitanaura may have served as a regional ecclesiastical centre or pilgrimage site during Late Antiquity, possibly explaining the heavy investment in defensive architecture to protect a larger-than-expected population of clergy and pilgrims.

Sources and Further Reading

• Wikipedia -- Kitanaura
• Lycian Monuments -- Kitanaura
• ArticHaeology -- Kitanaura / Lycia
• Cevik, N. (2004--2007). Survey reports on Kitanaura, Akdeniz University.
• "The Heroon of Trokondas the Second at Kitanaura: Revised Dating" -- Actual Problems of Theory and History of Art. Link
• "L'heroon de Trokondas a Kitanaura" -- Cairn.info. Link
• TripAdvisor -- Kitanaura Ancient City visitor reviews
• Mapcarta -- Kitanaura Map
• Spratt, T.A.B. & Forbes, E. (1847). Travels in Lycia, Milyas, and the Cibyratis. London.
• ResearchGate -- Heroon of Trokondas studies. Link